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Other spelling: Cheragh-Ali Tepe Marlik Golden goblet of Marlik, Iran.         Steatopygous female figure. Photo: Quinn Dombrowski. Archaeological site in Northern Iran. The royal cemetery unearthed at Marlik was that very rare find,...

Arabic: khalīfa SUNNI CALIPHS Abu Bakr 632-634 Umar 1 634-644 Uthman 644-656 Ali 656-661 Umayyads Mu'awiyya 1 661-680 Yazid 1 680-683 Abdullah bni Zubayr 680-692 Mu'awiyya 2 683-684 Marwan 1 684-685 Abd al-Malik 685-705 al-Walid 1 705-715 Sulayman 715-717 Umar 2 717-720 Yazid 2 720-724 Hisham 724-743 al-Walid 2 743-744 Yazid 3 744 Ibrahim 744 Marwan 2 744-750 Abbasids as-Saffah 749-754 al-Mansur 754-775 al-Mahdi 775-785 al-Hadi 785-786 Harun ar-Rashid 786-809 al-Amin 809-813 al-Ma'mun 813-833 al-Mu'tasim 833-842 al-Wathiq 842-847 al-Mutawakkil 847-861 al-Muntasir 861-862 al-Musta'in 862-866 al-Mu'tazz 866-869 al-Muhtadi 869-870 al-Mu'tamid 870-892 al-Mu'tadid 892-902 al-Muktafi ibnu l-Mu'tadid 902-908 al-Muqtadir 908-932 al-Qahir bi'llahi bni l-Mu'tadid 932-934 al-Radi bi'llahi...

Persian: tahrān Photo: Sam Anvari. Teheran Photo: Hamed Saber Capital of Iran, officially with 7.5 million (2005 estimate), but with perhaps as much as 10 million inhabitants or more (governmental control here...

Miliana Town in northwestern Algeria with 40,000 inhabitants (2005 estimate), south of the Dahra Massif and 5 km north of the Chelif River. Miliana is very much an...

Mesopotamia / Kings / Babylonia / Kings / Other spelling: Hammurapi Bust of Hammurabi.         King of Babylonia 1792-1750 BCE. Estimates on the emergence of the state of Babylonia corresponds with the rise of Hammurabi, even if he was...

  Languages Figures in 1000. Semitic 17,600 87.0% Arabic 17,500 87.0% North Levantine 13,300 66.0% Mesopotamian 2,800 14.0% Najdi 800 4.0% North Mesopotamian 500 2.5% Levantine Bedouin 100 0.5% Aramaic 70 0.3% Assyrian Neo 40 0.2% Western Neo 15 0.1% Turojo 10 <0.1% Chaldean Neo 5 <0.1% Iranian 2,000 10.0% Kurdish 2,000 10.0% Northern 2,000 10.0% Indo-European 320 1.6% Armenian 320 1.6% Turkic 210 1.0% Turkmen 130 0.6% Azerbaijani 80 0.4% Caucasian 65 0.3% Circassian 65 0.3% Adyghe 25 0.1% Kabardian 40 0.2% Indo-Aryan 10 <0.1% Domari 10 <0.1% Syria's geography and location in the Middle East are the main preconditions for it has become one...

                                      Mountain range dominating western Iran, touching Iraq. Another designation is the Kurdish Mountains. The name Zagros, comes from the Zagarthian people, probably of European ancestry. The total...

Greek Christian church, with a presence in the Middle East going back to the earliest period in Christian history. The Greek Orthodox (see the article on the term 'Orthodox')...

GSPC From French: Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat Arabic: 'al-jamā¢a 'as-salafiyya li-l-da¢wa wa-l-qitāl In English: Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat Hassan Hattab.         Nabil Sahraoui.           Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud. Leaders Hassan Hattab 1998-2003 Nabil...

Full name: Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din (1867-1948) Ruler (Imam) of North Yemen 1904-1948. Also known as Mahmud al-Mutawakkil. The politics of Yahya were focused on protecting Yemen from foreign...